Big Data in Construction Organization Free-Answers -Myassignment

Question: Talk about the Big Data in Construction Industry. Answer: Presentation The current task gives a study audit of the diary article that has been referenced underneath. Exploration Aim The point of the exploration paper is to introduce an itemized overview and audit of the Literature that researches utilization of huge information strategies in development industry. Assessment Assessment has been finished by looking into related works which has been distributed in information bases of Institute of electrical and gadgets engineers (IEEE), American Association of Civil Engineers (AACE), Association of registering hardware (ACM) just as Elsevier science direct computerized library. Synopsis The current paper gives the holes of writing present in the wide running measurements information mining, AI, warehousing just as Big Data Analytics in setting to the development business. The current condition of appropriation of large information in development industry has been talked about just as future capability of those innovations in space explicit sub territories of the business has been given. Open issues and course for future works with respect to enormous information appropriation in development industry has likewise been proposed. Examination subject The exploration subject of this paper is to fill the holes of writing which is available between wide-extending study fields of information mining, insights, warehousing, AI, huge information and its application in the development business. Despite the fact that information driven arrangements have been proposed for the fields of the development business there is an absence of far reaching writing study the objective stores use of large information in development industry. Proposed strategy and system Survey of the degree writing on Big Data Engineering and Big Data Analytics in development industry have been assessed. Chances of huge information in mechanical sub spaces are introduced. At long last conversations about issues with respect to the exploration and future work just as entanglements of large information in development industry have been introduced. It has been expressed that Cloud can be utilized in handling BIM information in development industry. The creator has additionally been impacted by White (2012) in which it has been portrayed that Hadoop dispersed document framework a plan for overseeing huge informational indexes according to necessity. The creator has refered to Das et al. (2014), in proposing social BIM for catching social associations of clients alongside the models of the structures. Circulated BIM from work right in cloud is produced for putting away the information through IFC. Further work of information digging methods for jolt of key factors that c auses delay in development ventures has been assessed refering to the papers of various creators in examination of pounded up development informational collections. Employments of choice tree in development research with respect to structure related inadequacies presented during the development stages are examined by auditing BSA cycle papers. As per Chen et al. (2003) employments of FDA for advancement of incorporated arranging framework concentrating task of pre ideally on complex constants, its significance to workforce just as assets are additionally talked about. Exploratory investigation and results Trial investigation and the outcomes that has been gotten utilizing development squander reenactment apparatuses in which a minimization of development waste could be introduced by a rich utilization of BDA. For that the enormous information driven BIM framework for development checking progress should be possible for forestalling any sort of deferral in venture conveyance. The structure with information should be possible utilizing enormous information for gathering from the producers (Bilal, 2016). It has been discovered that there are no apparatuses for encouraging the originators for utilizing information during plan exercises. Presumptions The main presumption of this paper is ascribed to free thought of name condition on Independence. The creator additionally utilized supposition for assessing cases considering earlier data just as probability of data approaching that establishes posteriori likelihood model (Chen, 2003). For the base factor assessment metric, the worth is figured from Theorem of Bayes just as Gaussian dispersion ID (Fan, 2013). Reaction Not many of the traps of large information in development ventures are perceived which are security insurance just as information security, nature of information for development industry informational collections, network of Internet for enormous information applications, misuse of huge information for its true abilities. The cost ramifications for Big Data in development industry are additionally considered in the paper (Al Qady, 2014). The creator have evaluated the writing altogether and featured holes, for example, information security and protection insurance that happens because of outsider treatment of the organization information by cloud specialist organizations. Also the information is profoundly defenseless to theft and external dangers (White, 2012). Ramifications of cost for executing Big information for displaying by engineers and planners utilizing BIM and other demonstrating data frameworks are likewise distinguished. Abuse of true abilities of Big Data has been asses sed by the creator also (Jiao, 2013).. End It very well may be inferred that the paper has secured issues of development industry in producing monstrous measures of information all through the structure life cycle and that alternative of enormous information Technology for development and improvement of those specific parts. The writer have investigated most recent exploration just as pertinent articles distributed over the couple of decades a clarification of enormous information Technology streams just as its ideas for using the innovation across different areas of the development business. Significant part of this paper is the ID of large information appropriateness in developing Trends of development Industries, for example, IOT, Cloud Computing, BIM, savvy structures and enlarged reality. References Bilal, M., Oyedele, L. O., Qadir, J., Munir, K., Ajayi, S. O., Akinade, O. O., ... Pasha, M. (2016). Enormous Data in the development business: A survey of present status, openings, and future trends.Advanced Engineering Informatics,30(3), 500-521. Chen, Q., Chen, Y., Worden, K. (2003). Basic shortcoming finding and disengagement utilizing neural systems dependent on reaction just information. Comput. Struct, 81(22), 2165-2172. Das, M., Cheng, J.C. Kumar, S.S. (2014). BIMCloud: a conveyed cloud-based social BIM system for venture coordinated effort, The fifteenth International Conference on Computing in Civil and Building Engineering (ICCCBE 2014), Florida, United States. Fan, H. Li. (2013). Recovering comparable cases for elective question goals in development mishaps utilizing text mining methods, Autom Construct, 34(1), 8591. Al Qady, A. Kandil (2014). Programmed bunching of development venture archives dependent on literary similitude, Autom. Develop. 42(2), 3649. White, T. (2012). Hadoop: The Definitive Guide. OReilly Media, Inc. Jiao, Y. Wang, S. Zhang, Y. Li, B. Yang L. Yuan. (2013). A cloud way to deal with brought together lifecycle information the executives in design, building, development and offices the executives: incorporating BIMs and SNS, Adv. Eng. Illuminate, 27(2), 173188. Y.- J. Chen, C.- W. Feng, Y.- R. Wang, H.- M. Wu, et al. (2011). Utilizing BIM model and hereditary calculations to upgrade the team task for development venture, Int. J. Technol.,3(1), 179-187.

What is community work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

What is network work - Essay Example In people group work a lot of qualities are utilized alongside related procedures, abilities and approaches. The qualities are to do with equity, majority rule government, regard, love, engaging, and â€Å"getting a superior deal† for individuals who are somehow or another distraught. The strategies incorporate building up associations with such individuals, seeing how they see the world, discovering approaches to help them to support themselves, and making a move to support them (Twelvetrees, 2001: 9). The term â€Å"community development† which is frequently equivalent with â€Å"community work† was embraced by numerous U.K. laborers for ventures that concentrated on nearby neighborhood gatherings to set and address their own issues, as indicated by Smith (2006: infed site). Network laborers might be politically roused from a communist or women's activist investigation of society, as in Britain during the 1970s and 1980s. Then again they may have less complex qualities, for example, worry about creation the current framework work better for poor people, or aim to benefit some on the planet, states Twelvetrees (2001: 9). State-supported network work stays as a mix of care, monetary turn of events and administration conveyance improvement work, that created during the 1980s and 1990s. Worry to develop network support and nearby gathering life in England and Wales were converted enthusiastically by holy places and strict gatherings (Smith, 2006: infed). Whatever their qualities, objectives and existing aptitudes, network laborers must be set up to learn new methodologies, and use them in various conditions to make network work progressively key, long haul and indispensable to the associations that convey it (Twelvetrees, 2001: 10-11). In the act of network work, certain models are put to use, for accomplishing economical results. Models are: network activity, network care, network advancement, network arranging,

Whats On Your Pull List August 5, 2015

Whats On Your Pull List August 5, 2015 My dear comic friends, forgive me. Because by the time this post runs, I will not have been to my LCS in almost a month. I KNOW. Its terrible. But somehow July got crazy, and sometimes my work schedule conflicts with their open hours, and [insert lots of other excuses here]. Which means Im gonna have a whopper of a pull list to pick up! Or at least, a whopper for me. After June, I decided to ditch everything Secret Wars-related, with the exception of Ms. Marvel and Infinity Gauntlet Im planning on trying to read everything else in trades if possible, or just borrow my friends copies, because talk about information overload. Which leaves me with . Lumberjanes #16 by Noelle Stevenson, Shannon Watters, Brooke Allen, Maarta Laiho, and Aubrey Aiese cover by Brooke Allen and Kat Philbin If there are not actual mermaids in the issue I will lose my mind, BECAUSE THIS COVER IS MY EVERYTHING. Im trying hard not to count down too much to Stevensons departure from Lumberjanes, but its hard not to have it in my head. Lets focus on the positive we still have #17, and the continuing mystery of Abigail, and I have a lot of faith that the team will continue to deliver amazing hijinks. Also for the record I am still dying to know who Jo is. Jem and The Holograms #5 by Kelly Thompson, Sophie Campbell, M. Victoria Robado, and Shawn Lee Can we talk for a second about this cover?? Because I am So Here for an actual Holograms v. Misfits food fight. And otherwise its an excellent visual metaphor. But I really want a real food fight. And also to know WHAT HAPPENS after the cliff-hanger in #4, because that was some serious drama. Wayward #10 by Jim Zub, Steve Cummings, and Tamra Bonvillain If you are not reading Wayward yet, this is NOT the place to start but it is the end of the second arc, which means a trade should be coming forthwith! And this second arc has been amazing. I wasnt sure how I felt about the introduction of a new main character, but the way that Zub and Cummings have pulled it all together is highly satisfying. The essays on Japanese mythology at the end of each issue continue to be great, and the world just keeps getting more and more interesting. (Not to mention more terrifying, because OMG spider monsters.) Ms. Marvel #17 by G. Willow Wilson and Adrian Alphona cover art by Kris Anka I just. Do I need to tell you how excited (and nervous) I am for this issue? That! Is! Carol! Danvers! Its the dream team, the uber-duo, the be all and end all of superhero match-up possibilities. Ok maybe not the be all and end all, Storm would have to be involved for that. But this comes PRETTY CLOSE and I will take it. What is going to happen to Captain and Ms. in the epic battle for New York?? Will I be able to stand the wait to find out?!??! ALKa;lskdjfaslghepoiahg;alskbasl;dkgjasdkjfhpeiwate;laskgjasvas! Sign up to The Stack to receive  Book Riot Comic's best posts, picked for you.

The Satire of Vonneguts Cats Cradle Essay - 1009 Words

The Satire of Cats Cradle Cats Cradle is, Vonneguts most highly praised novel. Filled with humor and unforgettable characters, this apocalyptic story tells of Earths ultimate end, and presents a vision of the future that is both darkly fantastic and funny, as Vonnegut weaves a satirical commentary on modern man and his madness (Barnes and Noble n.pag). In Cats Cradle, Kurt Vonnegut uses satire as a vehicle for threatened self-destruction when he designs the government of San Lorenzo. In addition, the Bokonists practice of Boko-maru, and if the world is going to end in total self destruction and ruin, then people will die, no matter how good people are and what religion people believe. An example†¦show more content†¦The story of Bokonon and his religion begins with the dictator of San Lorenzo and Bokonon at first being friends, but then they decided to govern San Lorenzo by themselves. Seeing that the people are hopeless and without direction, Bokonon invents his religion, When Bokonon and McCabe took over this miserable country year ago...they through out the priests. And then Bokonon, cynically and playfully invented a new religion (Scholes 172). But then McCabe outlaws it and makes practicing any religion other than Christianity punishable by the deadly Hook, Anybody caught practicing Bokononsim in San Lorenzo, will die on the Hook (Scholes 134). All the people on the island have become devout Bokonists, and the struggle between the government and the religion keeps them entertained, and therefore alive, Well, when it became evident that no government or economic reform was going to make the people much less miserable, the religion became the one real instrument of hope. Truth was the enemy of the people, because the truth was so terrible, so Bokonon made it his business to provide the people with better and better lies (Scholes 172). The hopeless, directionless people represent mankind as a whole and the government plot represents what Vonnegut sees as societys mindless, clear diversion from reality that keeps everyone interested in life. An example of satire as a vehicle of self-destruction in theShow MoreRelated Satire and Fantasy in Kurt Vonneguts Cats Cradle Essay780 Words   |  4 PagesSatire and Fantasy in Kurt Vonneguts Cats Cradle For this essay, I decided to pick two terms that describe Cats Cradle. I felt that satire and fantasy were two terms that suited the novel quite well. The book qualifies as a satire because it makes a mockery of things that were of concern in the sixties. For example, the Cuban missile crisis was a big issue in the early sixties. Religion was taken much more seriously, and the family unit was more tightly wound. In the novel, the threat comesRead More Satire, and Black Humor in Kurt Vonneguts Cats Cradle Essay714 Words   |  3 PagesSatire, and Black Humor in Kurt Vonneguts Cats Cradle Cats Cradle by Kurt Vonnegut was written in 1963. It is a satirical commentary on modern man and his madness (back cover). It is a book that counters almost every aspect of our society. As well as satire, Vonnegut also includes apocalyptic elements in this novel. Satire, the use of irony, sarcasm, or ridicule in exposing, denouncing, or deriding vice or folly (Webster 1193), is very prevalent in Cats Cradle. Vonnegut hits on manyRead MoreKurt Vonneguts Cats Cradle Use of Satire1498 Words   |  6 PagesCats Cradle: Religion and Satire What is religion? There is no one correct answer, however, one definition that seems to cover every aspect of most established religions is, Â…the most comprehensive and intensive manner of valuing known to human beings (Pecorino). 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Vonnegut uses small poetic insertions throughout his piece to help communicate hisRead More Postmodernist Features in Vonneguts Cats Cradle2907 Words   |  12 PagesPostmodernist Features in Vonneguts Cats Cradle Cats Cradle is a book, which enables many points for literary discussions. One possible topic of them could be the postmodernist features in this book. In this examination Ihab Hassans essay Toward a Concept of Postmodernism was used as a source of secondary literature for defining of postmodernist features. The most visible and prevalent features are postmodernist metonymy, treatment of the character, dynamic

An Overview of Cultural Conservatives

There are no solid dates for when cultural conservatism arrived on the American political scene, but it was certainly after 1987, which lead some people to believe the movement was started by writer and philosopher Allan Bloom, who in 1987, wrote Closing of the American Mind, an immediate and unexpected national best seller. While the book is mostly a condemnation of the failure of the liberal American university system, its criticism of social movements in the US has strong cultural conservative overtones. For this reason, most people look to Bloom as the movements founder. Ideology Often confused with social conservatism - which is more concerned with pushing social issues such as abortion and traditional marriage to the front of the debate - modern cultural conservatism has strayed from the simple anti-liberalization of society Bloom espoused. Cultural conservatives of today hold fast to traditional ways of thinking even in the face of monumental change. They believe strongly in traditional values, traditional politics and often have an urgent sense of nationalism. It is in the area of traditional values where cultural conservatives most overlap with social conservatives (and other types of conservatives, for that matter). While cultural conservatives do tend to be religious, it is only because religion plays such a large role in US culture. Cultural conservatives, however, can be affiliated with any American sub-culture, but whether they are of the Christian culture, anglo-saxon Protestant culture or African American culture, they tend to align themselves tightly with their own. Cultural conservatives are often accused of racism, even though their flaws (if they surface) may be more xenophobic than racist. To a much larger degree than traditional values, nationalism and traditional politics are primarily what concern cultural conservatives. The two are often strongly intertwined, and show up in national political debates under the auspices of immigration reform and protecting the family. Cultural conservatives believe in buying American and oppose introducing foreign languages such as Spanish or Chinese on interstate signs or ATM machines. Criticisms A cultural conservative may not always be a conservative in all other matters, and this is where critics most often assault the movement. Because cultural conservatism isnt easily defined in the first place, critics of cultural conservatives tend to point to inconsistencies that dont really exist. For example, cultural conservatives are largely silent (as Bloom was) on the issue of gay rights (their main concern is the movements disruption with American traditions, not the gay lifestyle itself), critics therefore point to this as being contradictory to the conservative movement as a whole -- which it isnt, since conservatism in general has a such a broad meaning. Political Relevance Cultural conservatism in common American thought has increasingly replaced the term religious right, even though they arent really the same things. In fact, social conservatives have more in common with the religious right than cultural conservatives. Nevertheless, cultural conservatives have enjoyed considerable success at the national level, especially in the 2008 presidential election, where immigration became a focus of the national debate. Cultural conservatives are often grouped politically with other kinds of conservatives, simply because the movement doesnt tightly address wedge issues like abortion, religion, and as noted above, gay rights. Cultural conservatism often serves as a launching pad for newcomers to the conservative movement who want to call themselves conservative while they determine where they stand on the wedge issues. Once they are able to define their beliefs and attitudes, they often move away from cultural conservatism and into another, more tightly focused movement.

Coyote Blue Chapter 34~36 Free Essays

CHAPTER 34 Let Slip the Dogs of Irony The owl was still perched on the power pole. Adeline Eats sat in her easy chair reading the Book of Job, trying to keep her dinner down. On the way back from the clinic the kids had elected to have pancakes for dinner and Adeline had eaten a mountainous stack and all the mistakes. We will write a custom essay sample on Coyote Blue Chapter 34~36 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Now the matriarchs of breakfast, Aunt Jemima and Mrs. Butterworth, were waging a bubbling battle in her stomach while her kids burned with fever and Job suffered boils. Adeline admired Job for keeping his faith. All she had was a house full of sick kids, a husband with a peyote hangover, an owl out front, and a little difficulty reading small print through her sunglasses, and she was ready to pack it in to her reserved spot in Hell. Old Job was quite a guy, especially with God acting like such a prick. What was that about? When her sisters talked about the Bible it was all the Sermon on the Mount and the Song of Solomon, Proverbs and Psalms; never smitings and plagues. And her sisters had never mentioned that God was a racist. He sure hated those old Philistines. Adeline had a cousin in Philadelphia; she wore a little too much eye shadow, but that didn’t seem a sin you should get smote and circumcised for†¦. Adeline’s religious reverie was interrupted by a tidal surge of acid in her stomach. She put the Bible down and went to the kitchen for some Pepto-Bismol. She found the bottle and wrestled with the child-guard cap for five minutes before deciding to smite its head off with the cleaver Milo used for hacking deer joints. She was raising the cleaver when the doorbell rang like a call from the governor. She waddled to the door and threw it open. An enormously fat white man in a powder-blue suit was standing on the steps, hat in hand, sample case at his side, grinning like a possum eating shit. He looked vaguely familiar. â€Å"Pardon me, ma’am,† he said. â€Å"I was looking for a Mrs. Adeline Eats, but I have obviously stumbled onto the home of a movie star.† Adeline remembered that she was still wearing sunglasses and her hair was piled up on her head. She lifted her glasses. â€Å"I’m Adeline Eats,† she said. She peeked over his shoulder and shuddered. The owl was still on the pole. â€Å"Of course you are. And I’m Lloyd Commerce, purveyor of the worlds finest vitamin supplement and herbal remedy: Miracle Medicine. May I come in?† Adeline eyed him suspiciously. â€Å"Didn’t you sell me a vacuum cleaner a long time ago?† â€Å"You’ve got a heck of a memory, Mrs. Eats. I did have the privilege of bringing to people’s lives that beam of brightness known as the Miracle. How’s it working?† â€Å"I don’t know. I don’t have any rugs.† â€Å"Very shrewd, Mrs. Eats. What better way to avoid dirty carpets than to avoid carpets altogether? The very reason that I have turned my efforts to a product that addresses the number one problem facing families today.† â€Å"What’s that?† Lloyd put his hat over his heart. â€Å"If you could just afford me a minute of your time, you will reap the benefit of years of research.† â€Å"Okay, come on in. But you got to be quiet. My kids are sick and my husband is resting.† Adeline stepped out of the doorway and the salesman floated by her to the couch. Adeline sat in her chair across from him. Her stomach gurgled and rolled. She stifled a belch. â€Å"Excuse me.† â€Å"Indigestion!† Lloyd exclaimed as if he had discovered the cure for cancer. â€Å"Fortune has smiled on you, Mrs. Eats. I have in my case the bee’s knees of indigestion remedies.† He pulled a brown bottle from his case and held it out reverentially. â€Å"Mrs. Eats, may I present Miracle Medicine.† Adeline fidgeted. â€Å"I don’t know if I can afford it. I’ve been off work for a couple of days taking care of my kids.† â€Å"In that case, you can’t afford to be without it. And with a house full of illness you can’t afford to wait.† â€Å"Will this stuff cure the flu?† â€Å"The flu? The flu?† Lloyd shook the bottle at Adeline. â€Å"The flu doesn’t exist when you have Miracle Medicine. It makes them that’s sick well, and them that’s well better. This is no backward primitive remedy, ma’am, but the finest product that nature and modern science could come up with. Miracle Medicine cures croup, cramps, cankers, and the creeping crud.† â€Å"I don’t know†¦,† Adeline said. â€Å"And how could you know until you try it? Why, Miracle Medicine will even raise your self-confidence, as well as doing away with excess mucus, the embarrassment of bad breath, intestinal gas, dandruff, the heartbreak of psoriasis, most mental illness, and the post-peyote dry heaves.† â€Å"I don’t think so,† Adeline said. â€Å"You don’t think so? Mrs. Eats, may I see your medicine cabinet?† Lloyd pulled a plastic garbage bag out of his sample case. â€Å"I suppose so,† Adeline said. â€Å"The bathrom is in there.† â€Å"Come with me,† Lloyd said. He got up and led Adeline into the bathroom, where he threw open the medicine cabinet. He took a bottle of aspirin from the shelf and held it up. â€Å"What is this for, Mrs. Eats?† â€Å"Headaches.† â€Å"Don’t need it.† Lloyd threw the aspirin in the garbage bag. â€Å"Hey,† Adeline said. â€Å"Miracle Medicine makes headaches a thing of the past.† He grabbed the tube of Preparation H and tossed it in the garbage bag. â€Å"Hemorrhoids are behind you, Mrs. Eats.† Next went the cough medicine, the Band-Aids, some Neosporin ointment, and an old prescription for bladder infections. â€Å"Hey, I need that stuff.† â€Å"Not anymore,† Lloyd said. â€Å"Not with Miracle Medicine.† Adeline was starting to get angry. â€Å"Put that stuff back.† Lloyd lifted Adeline’s sunglasses and looked her in the eye. â€Å"Mrs. Eats, you say you have a house full of sick kids. What exactly have you done to make them better?† â€Å"I took them to the clinic but we couldn’t get in. I’ve been praying.† Lloyd nodded knowingly. â€Å"Well you can say good-bye to prayer.† He stormed back into the living room, picked up the Bible, and threw it in the garbage bag. â€Å"You don’t need prayer when you have a medicine that reduces swelling, increases sex drive, and directly addresses the national debt.† â€Å"No,† Adeline said, following him. â€Å"I don’t want any.† He went to the crucifix on the wall, tore it off, and threw it in the bag. â€Å"Quiets coughs, promotes regularity, increases energy†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"No!† Adeline said. Lloyd took the 3-D picture of Jesus off the television and threw it in the bag. â€Å"Calms nerves.† â€Å"No!† â€Å"Cures acne.† â€Å"No!† â€Å"Cures crabs, spiritual indecision, poison sumac, rabies, and-â€Å" â€Å"No!† â€Å"Gets rid of unwanted owls.† â€Å"How much is it?† Adeline said. â€Å"Cash or check?† Lloyd said. He sat back down on the couch. Adeline heard the bedroom door open. She turned and saw Milo coming into the living room, wearing sunglasses. He couldn’t tolerate bright light for a day or two after a peyote ceremony. â€Å"What in the hell is going on out here?† â€Å"I was just talking to this salesman,† Adeline said. â€Å"What salesman?† Adeline turned around. The salesman, his sample case, and the garbage bag full of over-the-counter icons were gone. The brown bottle of Miracle Medicine sat on the table. â€Å"Here honey, take some of this,† she said. â€Å"You’ll feel better.† She felt better already. Sam felt as if he were passing out, then the vertigo of falling. The sounds around him faded; Pokey’s voice became distant, then silent. He felt his stomach lurch, as if he had just gone into the big drop of a roller coaster, then an impact that flattened him on the ground. He looked up, expecting to see the others around him in the sweat lodge. The lodge, and everyone in it, was gone. There was nothing but blackness and the sound of his own breathing. A thousand questions raced through his brain, but he realized that each one led to another and the best strategy was to maintain a state of automatic action and remember why he was here. He stood and squinted into the darkness. Two golden eyes were floating in front of him. He heard the sound of an animal breathing. Suddenly a stone platform started to glow. On it stood a figure: a man’s body with a dog’s head, wearing an Egyptian kilt. Except for the golden eyes, he was black, so black he appeared to absorb light. He carried a golden staff tipped with the effigy of a falcon. Beside him on the platform was the source of the breathing sounds: a beast the size of a hippo, with the jaws of a crocodile on the body of a lion. It snorted and snapped at the air, flicking foam from its jaws. Behind them both stood a giant balance scale. Despite all he had been through, Sam felt a wave of mind-blanking terror pass through him. He wanted to run, but couldn’t move. With the light coming off the pedestal he could see human bones scattered around him. He realized that he was standing on his toes, every muscle in his body rigid. The black dog man snapped his staff on the platform. â€Å"Okay, up on the scale,† he said. Then he narrowed his gaze and stepped down from the platform. â€Å"Wait a minute, you’re alive. Go away. We only do the dead. Out, out, out.† Of all the strange things Sam had seen in the last week, watching the dog mouth forming human speech was the strangest. It looked like the creature was trying to yak up a chicken bone. Suddenly the fear was gone. This was too goofy, like an Alpo commercial filmed in Hell. â€Å"Are you the one I’m supposed to talk to about – about getting some help?† â€Å"Look, I tried to warn you that my brother was going to cause you problems. I sent my agent to help you.† â€Å"Your brother?† â€Å"Coyote is my brother. He didn’t tell you?† â€Å"No, he never mentioned a brother. He said I had to find the one that weighs the souls.† The dog man scoffed. â€Å"Well there’s the scale. And here I am. Take a wild guess. Go ahead, Einstein, figure it out. I can’t believe he didn’t mention me.† He sat down, hung his head and began scratching himself behind the ears. â€Å"He’s an ingrate.† The monster growled and Sam jumped back. â€Å"That’s Ammut,† the dog man said. â€Å"He wants to eat you.† Sam shuddered. â€Å"Maybe later. I’m here to ask a favor.† â€Å"You don’t even know who I am, do you? That hurts. You think I don’t have feelings?† â€Å"I’m sorry,† Sam said. â€Å"I’m a little preoccupied. I didn’t mean to be rude.† Preoccupied? Naked, in a supernatural world, talking to the dog-food god, trying to get back the woman he loved. Excuse my manners, he thought. â€Å"I’m Sam Hunter, and you are?† â€Å"Anubis, son of Osiris. God of the Underworld.† He scratched behind his ears harder and his leg began to bounce with pleasure. â€Å"Osiris? You’re Egyptian?† â€Å"My people lived in the Nile Valley, yes.† â€Å"But you said that you were Coyote’s brother.† â€Å"He didn’t tell you that story either?† Anubis was irritated. â€Å"No, sorry,† Sam said. How could Calliope’s life be in the hands of this neurotic canine? He decided to try to placate the god. â€Å"But I’d love to hear it.† Anubis pricked up his long ears. â€Å"It was long ago,† he began. â€Å"And the god Osiris brought to the people of the Nile Valley the knowledge to plant grain, and he brought great floods to nourish the grains. With his queen, Isis, he ruled all of civilization, until his brother Set, the dark one, became jealous and killed Osiris, tearing his body into fourteen pieces and scattering them over the valley. â€Å"But Osiris had consorted with Set’s wife, Nephthys, and she gave birth to two dog-headed sons, Anubis and Aputet. When Set found the boys he put them into baskets and set them afloat in the Nile. Later, Isis found Anubis and adopted him. But Aputet floated out to sea and across the ocean to another land in the West.† Here the dog-headed god puffed himself up with pride. â€Å"Anubis was always the one bound to duty, the faithful. He found the pieces of our father and bound them together so that Osiris lived again. For that he was given the job of weighing human souls against truth, and taking people to the Underworld. â€Å"And my brother,† Anubis said, â€Å"grew up in a wild land, with the powers of a god and no sense of duty or justice. All he cares about is the stories people tell about him. And he never remembers his brother, who has saved him so many times. He never visits. You’re sure Coyote never told you this?† Sam didn’t know what to say. He thought of the Coyote tales he had heard as a child, and how this seemed to fit. â€Å"No, I was told he brought my people the buffalo and taught us how to live off the land.† â€Å"He did those things to serve himself. Without a way to live, how could they tell stories about him? He has used me for years to make his stories. Now he has returned to Earth and used you.† It all fit. â€Å"He fucked up my life and got Calliope killed for the stories.† Sam was trying to control his anger. â€Å"I’m here because he wants people to tell stories about him?† â€Å"He had to or he would end up like me.† Anubis lowered his voice. â€Å"Your people don’t have a word in their language for ;computer; or ;VCR; or â€Å"television.† The children are losing the old stories, the stories of hunting buffalo and counting coup. That’s not their world. Coyote was afraid he would be forgotten, like me. With the new stories he’s real again. You lived the stories that will bring him back. He doesn’t care about the people, only that they are talking about him. I tried. I sent my agent to help you.† Sam looked at Anubis. â€Å"The big black guy, Minty? You sent him?† â€Å"He’s mine, a dutiful son, but he doesn’t know it,† Anubis said. â€Å"I can no longer walk in your world because I am a dead god. I died of change. So I sent the black one to help you. He is mine like you are Aputet’s.† â€Å"I’m his? What does that mean?† â€Å"You were born for his stories. To live them, to carry them on.† â€Å"He wants little kids to hear stories about killing innocent women? That’s supposed to be good for a people?† â€Å"He doesn’t care. As long as the stories are told they will hold his people together. He says people need a good bad example. It gives them pride in doing the right thing. I have always done the right thing and my people are gone because of it, swallowed up by the Christian god.† â€Å"So how does the story end?† Sam asked. â€Å"Can I bring back Calliope? She didn’t do anything wrong.† â€Å"I weigh the souls of the dead against truth. If there is balance, then the soul passes on. If not, I feed it to Ammut.† The monster snarled at the mention of his name. â€Å"I’m stuck here doing this tedious work while my brother roams the world having fun. It’s not fair.† Sam kept pressing. â€Å"Let me take the girl back. It’s not her fault that Coyote is a jerk.† â€Å"No,† Anubis said. â€Å"My brother needs to learn a lesson. He has never had to sacrifice anything.† â€Å"Let her live and I’ll tell your story. You’ll be remembered again. People will believe.† Sam had to keep pressing. â€Å"Like the other stories?† The god affected a whiny, mocking tone. â€Å"‘Then along came Coyote’s brother, who jumped over him four times, and he came back to life. I never even get my name mentioned.† â€Å"Please,† Sam pleaded. Anubis shook his head slowly. â€Å"No. Tell my brother he needs to learn to sacrifice for his people. I have done what I can do.† The jackal-headed god stood and walked off the pedestal into the darkness, the monster at his heels. â€Å"Wait!† Sam started to run after him. The pedestal went dark and he felt the loss of his love even as the ground dropped out from under him. Just before dawn Coyote climbed into the sweat lodge and sat beside Pokey. Sam’s body was shaking, his eyes still rolled back in his head. â€Å"Wait!† he screamed. He jerked, as if someone had applied a current to his body, and his eyes rolled down. The door flap of the sweat lodge was thrown open and the first light of dawn was spilling through. â€Å"How’s my brother?† Coyote asked. Sam lunged for Coyote’s throat. â€Å"You killed her for stories!† Pokey caught him from behind in a bear hug. â€Å"No, Samson.† Pokey struggled to hold Sam. â€Å"You were gone all night. Harlan and his boys left. Someone named Minty Fresh called the house for you. He said to tell you that some bikers are coming here to take the child. He said they would be here about dawn.† CHAPTER 35 Crazy Dogs Wishing to Die The Underworld made Calliope’s death real, stripping Sam of the last of his hope, leaving him like a raw, screaming nerve. He ran naked out of the sweat lodge and dove into the cooling fire pit. â€Å"Samson, stop it!† Pokey shouted. Sam grabbed handfuls of ashes and rubbed them on his face and chest, then ran through the yard and into the house, Coyote and Pokey close behind him. They found him in the living room, pulling the buffalo lance off the wall. The women had taken the children and retreated to the bedrooms. Pokey could hear them crying. Coyote grabbed Sam by the shoulder. â€Å"Stop this.† Sam shrieked and swung around with the lance, slashing Coyote across the chest with the long obsidian point. The trickster fell back bleeding. Sam ran out of the house. â€Å"Go get him,† Pokey said to Coyote. Coyote got up and ran out the front door in time to see Sam vaulting the fence into the side field. Sam jumped on the back of a buckskin horse and wrapped a hand in its long mane, then dug his heels in and smacked the lance across its hindquarters. The horse shot forward and over the fence into the road, taking a line of barbed wire out with its front legs. â€Å"Sam, wait!† Coyote shouted. Sam pulled the horse up and looked back at the trickster. Pokey joined Coyote on the porch. â€Å"Samson, don’t do this,† Pokey said. â€Å"I’m tired of being afraid, Pokey. This is a good day to die.† Sam slapped the horse’s flank with the lance and galloped down the road. â€Å"Get the gate,† Coyote shouted to Pokey. He ran to the field, scooping up a handful of mud from some tire tracks as he ran and rubbing it on his face and chest. He vaulted the fence and the paint horse, spooked by the commotion, ran to the other side of the pasture. â€Å"Come,† Coyote commanded. The paint horse stopped as if it had been jerked back by an invisible rope, then turned and galloped back to the trickster. Coyote calmed it, then climbed the fence and jumped on its back. Pokey swung the gate open and Coyote rode the horse through, up the driveway, and down the road after Sam. Rarely does one encounter a combination of human traits quite so frightening as a psychopath with a purpose. Yet, as dawn broke in Crow Agency, forty examples of that particular perversion cruised, in a double column of Harley-Davidsons, off the ramp from Highway 90, under the overpass by Wiley’s Food and Gas, and down the main street of town. Lonnie Ray Inman rode at the head of the column, followed closely by Bonner Newton on one side and Tinker on the other. Behind them were the other members of the Guild’s Santa Barbara chapter, and behind them joiners from other Guild chapters who, pumped with the mere idea of self-righteous vengeance, had volunteered to come along. Pulling into town, they were losing some of their resolve, and confused glances passed from one biker to another. They knew they were coming to the Crow reservation to get a kid who had been stolen, but now that they were here, what were they supposed to do? No one was out on the street at this hour to observe their fierce show of unity and force. It was rapidly turing into an unsatisfying experience, especially for those who were not used to wearing shoulder holsters and were a little chafed under the arms. Lonnie slowed the column to a creep as he looked down the side streets of Crow Agency for signs of the orange Z. At the edge of town, near the tobacco shop, he signaled the column to stop. It was obvious they were about to head into open ranchland. The big bikes thundered out iron flatulence as they idled, putting up a din that rattled the windows of Crow Agency. A few lights went on in town; a few faces appeared in windows. Lonnie Ray signaled Bonner to join him for a conference. Bonner Newton was moving to his side when they heard the war cry. Lonnie and Bonner looked down the road to see two men on horses charging them, one waving a spear over his head and screaming. Bonner was the first to recover from the shock and started to draw his pistol when a shot went off to his left and the speedometer on his bike exploded, peppering him with splinters of glass and metal. â€Å"I wouldn’t draw that.† The voice came from the rooftops. â€Å"I wouldn’t fucking move.† Bonner looked up to see someone holding a scoped hunting rifle on them. The horsemen were still bearing down on them. One of the bikers in the column started to draw and a shot came from the other direction, taking the light off his bike. There was another one on the roof across the street. The bikers looked around. There were four men with scoped high-powered rifles pointing down on them from different rooftops. â€Å"I can take a flea off a gnat’s ass at two hundred yards with this,† Harlan shouted over his rifle. â€Å"You let them popguns stay where they are.† Sam screamed again, a long rasping wail. â€Å"He’s not fucking stopping,† Tinker said. He drew his Magnum and fired before Harlan put a bullet in his shoulder, spinning him off his bike to the pavement. Coyote grabbed his chest and rolled off his horse, bouncing into the ditch. Seeing that Sam wasn’t going to stop, Bonner Newton dropped his bike and dove into the gutter, covering his head. Lonnie watched the crazed horseman, streaked with ashes and sweat, bearing down on him. Sam was only a few yards away, raising his lance for the kill, when Lonnie went for his gun. Sam yanked on the horse’s mane, jumping it over the front of the bike. One hoof hit Lonnie in the chest; another took off a piece of his right ear before the horse stumbled into the bikers behind him. Sam rolled free and up to his feet. He ran back to where Lonnie lay and raised the lance above his head as Lonnie’s eyes went wide and he screamed. â€Å"Samson!† Harlan shouted. Sam put all his weight behind the lance and came down with it, screaming at the top of his lungs. At the last second he spun the lance and touched Lonnie on the chest with the butt end. â€Å"Go away,† he said. Sam stumbled away and dropped the lance. â€Å"That’s it,† Harlan shouted. â€Å"Everybody just turn your bikes around and go back the way you came. We’ll drop the first one that looks like he’s doing the wrong thing.† The bikers looked around in confusion. Festus, Harry, and Billy Two Irons kept their rifles shouldered and trained on the column. Bonner Newton climbed to his feet. â€Å"Turn around,† he said, waving his hand in the air. He looked at Lonnie. â€Å"See if Tink can ride. Let’s get the fuck out of here.† Sam walked back down the road to where Coyote had fallen. The trickster was lying naked in the ditch, covered with mud, his leg bent under him. Blood was coursing from a hole in his chest and he was breathing in short, rattling pants. Sam bent over him and held his head. Coyote’s eyes slowly opened. â€Å"That’s the last coup,† Coyote said. â€Å"You counted the last coup. It’s a new world now.† The trickster coughed; foamy blood covered his lips. Sam had no anger left, no thoughts, no words. A minute passed. He heard someone blowing a car horn somewhere, and Harlan saying, â€Å"Let him through.† Finally Sam said, â€Å"What can I do?† â€Å"Tell the stories,† Coyote said. He closed his eyes and stopped breathing. Sam gently lowered the trickster’s head and lay down in the ditch beside him. He heard a car pull up on the road above, but did not look up. A car door, footsteps, and hands under his body, lifting him. He opened his eyes to see a battered black face with golden eyes. â€Å"Are you okay?† Minty Fresh said. Sam didn’t answer. He felt himself being put in a car. â€Å"I’ll take you home,† Minty said. Sam sat in the limo, the car door open, staring at the dashboard. Someone walked up beside him and said, â€Å"Nice outfit, Hunts Alone.† Sam looked up to see Billy Two Irons standing over him: older, and just as thin, but unmistakably Billy Two Irons. Sam managed a weak smile. â€Å"Your face cleared up.† â€Å"Yeah,† Billy said. â€Å"I got laid, too. Only last week, but who’s counting after thirty-five years?† Sam looked forward trying to squint back tears. Billy shuffled a bit with discomfort. â€Å"This guy’s going to take you home. I’ll stop by when things settle down a little.† Sam nodded. â€Å"It was a good day to die.† â€Å"You’re always trying to cheer me up,† Billy said. â€Å"Don’t take off again, okay?† He patted Sam’s shoulder and opened the back door of the limo for Minty Fresh, who laid Coyote’s body on the backseat, then closed the door. Minty closed Sam’s door, then went around and got in on the driver’s side. He put the key in the ignition and paused. Without looking at Sam he said, â€Å"I’m sorry. Your uncle told me about the girl. They beat on me pretty bad and I told them where you were going. I screwed up. I’m sorry. If I could make it up†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Sam didn’t look up. â€Å"How did you get away?† â€Å"They found my casino ID. I think the rumors about the Mafia running the casinos is what stopped them. They were afraid of retribution. I called the casino and got your office number. Your secretary gave me the number here. I called as soon as I got away.† Sam didn’t say anything. Minty started the limo and pulled slowly onto the road, headed out of town to the Hunts Alone place. Sam said, â€Å"What are you going to do with his body?† â€Å"I don’t know. I guess it will come to me, like everything else I’ve done in the last two days.† Sam looked at Minty, and for the first time saw the golden eyes, surrounded with bruises. â€Å"Do you know what’s happened here? Do you know what we are?† Minty shook his head, â€Å"What we are? No. I was a trouble-shooter in a casino until yesterday. Now I guess I’m a car thief.† â€Å"You didn’t really have any choice. But I think it’s over now. You’re free now.† â€Å"Sure, throw that responsibility on me,† Minty said. He grinned. Sam reached deep down and found he had a smile left, like the last worm in the bait can. They were approaching the Hunts Alone place. Minty turned into the driveway and stopped. â€Å"Do you need any help?† â€Å"No, I’ll be okay,† Sam said automatically, not knowing what he needed. He opened the car door. â€Å"Where will you go?† â€Å"Like I said, I guess it will come to me. Maybe San Diego.† â€Å"You can stay here if you want.† â€Å"No, I don’t think so. But thanks. I’m feeling like there’s still something I have to do.† â€Å"When it comes to you, remember, the sacred number is four. You jump over the body four times.† â€Å"Am I supposed to know what that means?† â€Å"You will,† Sam said. â€Å"Good luck.† He got out of the car and stood at the end of the driveway watching Minty drive away. What now? He hadn’t died, and he didn’t have a life to return to. Nothing. Empty. Dead inside. He turned and started toward the house. Cindy and another woman appeared at the door, and waited. From the shocked look on their faces Sam realized how crazed he must look: naked, covered with soot, streaked with sweat and tears. He waved to them and headed around the house to wash himself in the barrel back by the sweat lodge. As he walked by the Airstream he heard the door unlatch and looked up. Calliope stepped out of the trailer. â€Å"Sam?† she said. â€Å"I had the strangest dream.† She looked around the yard, then at the trailer. â€Å"I didn’t just land on the Wicked Witch of the East, did I?† Sam closed his eyes and took her in his arms. He held her there for a long time, laughing, then sobbing, then laughing again, feeling as if he had, at last, come home. Crazy Dogs Wishing to Die One day, a long time ago, Coyote was coming along when he saw a cowboy sitting on his horse, rolling a cigarette. Coyote watched the cowboy take a little pouch of tobacco out of his shirt pocket, and then some rolling papers. He poured some tobacco into a paper, then pulled the strings of the pouch tight with his teeth and put it back in his pocket. Then he rolled up the paper, licked it, and stuck the cigarette in his mouth. He lit it with a match. Coyote had smoked a pipe many times, but he had never seen anything quite so wonderful as rolling a cigarette. â€Å"I want to do that,† Coyote said. â€Å"Let me do that.† â€Å"You can’t,† the cowboy said. â€Å"Why not?† â€Å"You ain’t got a shirt, so you ain’t got a shirt pocket for your tobacco pouch.† Coyote didn’t wear a shirt in those days. He looked at his bare chest, then at the cowboy’s shirt. â€Å"I can make a pocket in my chest.† â€Å"Well, why don’t you do that.† The cowboy unfolded his pocketknife and handed it to Coyote. Coyote looked one more time at the cowboy’s pocket, to get the size right, then he made a deep cut in his chest. He looked a little surprised, then he fell over dead. The cowboy got back his pocketknife and rode off. A little while later, Coyote’s brother came along and saw the trickster lying dead on the ground. He jumped over Coyote’s body four times and Coyote sprang up, good as new. â€Å"You did it again,† Coyote’s brother said. â€Å"I really wanted to roll a cigarette like the cowboy.† Coyote’s brother shook his head. He said, â€Å"If you’re going to live around these white folks, Coyote, you got to learn. Just because you want something, it don’t mean that it’s good for you.† â€Å"I knew that,† Coyote said. CHAPTER 36 There Ain’t No Cure for Coyote Blue There is a saying that goes back to the buffalo days: there are no orphans among the Crow. Even today, if someone stays for a time on the reservation, he will be adopted by a Crow family, regardless of his race. The idea of a person without family makes the Crow uncomfortable. So when Samuel Hunter became, once again, Samson Hunts Alone, he found that there was family waiting for him, as well as his new white wife and her son. Pokey said, â€Å"There ain’t near enough blond Indians, if you ask me.† And even as he left his old name behind with his old life, Sam maintained his shape-shifter ways, putting on each face as it was needed. Sometimes he was quick and clever, and other times he was simple, when simple served his purpose. When he spoke for the Crow to the government he wore traditional tribal dress and an eagle feather in his hair. But when he reported to his own people he dug out one of his Armani suits and the Rolex (that had long since stopped running), because that is what they needed to see. He was given the honor of pouring for the sweat, and the responsibility to carry on the old ways, and he programmed a computer to speak Crow, and using it, at the age of eighty, Pokey Medicine Wing learned to speak his own language. And Sam put on many faces when he told the stories. When he told the old stories, of how Old Man Coyote made the world, of how he got his power to change shapes, of Cottontail and Raven and the other animal people, Sam was like the trickster himself, grinning and laughing, making rude noises, his golden eyes shining like fire. When he told the new stories – of the Crow man who had forgotten who he was, of a Japanese businessman who saved the life of an old shaman, of a black man who helped rescue a white child from the enemy, of all the tricks and machines that Coyote used to bring the Crow man home, and of the last coup – his voice took on a melancholy sweetness and his eyes went wide and bright, as if life itself was a delightful surprise. And when he told the story of the journey into the Underworld, of how Coyote’s brother let Calliope live again because the trickster gave his own life, Sam became grave and dark, and those who doubted were quickly convinc ed when they saw the scar on Calliope’s back from the bullet that had killed her. But even as Sam put on these faces and wore these personalities, he knew exactly who he was. He was happy. After a while Calliope became pregnant and Sam’s peace was again thrown out of balance. He was jumpy and nervous until the day the little girl was born and he saw that she had Calliope’s deep brown eyes, not the golden eyes of a trickster. And meanwhile, as Grubb grew, he found that he could frighten his adopted father by hiding and making the sound of a coyote howling, and for this he suffered long lectures from his old Uncle Pokey about respecting his elders. When Grubb was nine, in the time of the new grass, Sam took him to the great medicine wheel for his first fast. During the ride, in Pokey’s ancient pickup truck, Sam instructed Grubb on how to enter the Spirit World and prepared him for what to expect there. â€Å"And one last thing,† Sam said as he left the boy on the mountain. â€Å"If a fat guy in a big blue car comes along and offers you a ride, don’t get in.† What Grubb saw on his vision, and what happened when he grew up, is a story for another time. But it should be noted here that over the years, as he grew into manhood, his eyes faded gradually from dark brown to a bright, shining gold. â€Å"Coyote medicine will do them white folks some good,† Pokey said with a grin. END How to cite Coyote Blue Chapter 34~36, Essay examples

Commercial Law Marine Construction Limited

Question: Discuss about the Commercial Law for Marine Construction Limited. Answer: Introduction: A contract was present between the Western Australia Regional University and Marine Construction Limited (MCU). It was supposed to be completed by 1st March, 2016. Prior to the completion of the project, MCU observed and found out that work was very difficult to complete because there were many construction related glitches. The questions that might rise from the following facts can be- Did any breach of contract occur between the contracting parties? Whether there was an existence of negligent misrepresentation on the part of MCU? What recourse could the University have to amend the wrongs? Relevant cases There was occurrence of dual contract in the present case. The second contract was a product of negligent misrepresentation committed by the Marine Construction Limited. The main purpose for getting into the original contract was that the university wanted to accommodate students into their private hostel. So they wanted to build a hotel and then change it into a hostel in order to accommodate students into it. The initial cost to the university was $ 2, 00,000. A month before completion of the assigned work, MCU broke it to the university that the endeavour was difficult to be finished within allotted time frame since many structure related paraphernalia ensued. They were in need of an excess amount of $500,000 to finish the work in time. This showed elements of negligent misrepresentation on the part of Marine Limited. Negligent misrepresentation usually differs from a misrepresentation which is done with innocent intentions (Gillies and Selvadurai, 2009). Certain facets needs to b e taken into consideration in order to prove negligent misrepresentation which are- There should be an element of duty to take care between the person who makes the representation and the person to whom the representation is made. The representation which is made must lack accuracy, contain fallacy and mislead the believer. Even though misrepresentation occurs, the person to whom the representation is mad e must believe it to be plausible. There should be an irresponsible and frivolous conduct on the part of the person making such representation. As a result of the misrepresentation, the sufferer of the misrepresentation who believes in it must have faced punitive losses which were adverse in nature. Misrepresentation can be linked to free consent which is an essential element for the formation of a contract. It is a hindrance in the way of free consent and causes annulment of a valid contract. If taken in a literal sense, it means when a party shows a fake fact to the other party with a wrong intention and that is plausible to the other party, it implicates to be misrepresentation. The present tenet can be found in Queen v Cognos Inc [1993] ISCR 87, wherein the Supreme Court of Canada discovered that the person who claims negligent misrepresentation to have occurred have to prove that there are elements of misrepresentation present in the case (Fletcher and Fletcher, 2007). Section 18 of the Competition and Consumer Act, 2010 (Cth) prohibits legal entities and individuals from doing activities which are frivolous and misleading in object. Although the university can ask for remedy in the form of punitive compensation from the construction company for causing losses due to neglig ent misrepresentation, it would be an uphill task to prove the same (Paterson, 2011). In the case of Howard Marine v Ogden [1978] QB 574 the individual who was trying to show element of negligent misrepresentation was unable to prove on valid grounds which showed that they had the registration document which displayed their true capacity (Willmott et al.,2005). No credulous explanation could be provided to prove that the Lloyds register was different from the registration document. When analysing the second part of the contract, the principle of economic duress also comes into scene. In A Little Company Limited v Gregory Raymond Peters [2007] NSWSC 833 (3 August 2007), it was found out that Peters was compelled to enter the contract caused by economic duress. Finally the accused was held culpable and was made to shell out money due to breach in contract. Application of the case to the issue Relying on the cases and legal analogies discussed it is well established that the construction company had fudged the facts and the situation to the university resulting in the university authorities to believe in what they said (Monahan and Carr-Gregg, 2007). It resulted in detrimental punitive setback to the university which was understandable because they had a stringent deadline. The University had advertised about 150 overseas students coming over to accommodate the hostel. The MCU were casual in analysing their situation and due to their lackadaisical work could not finish their work which made them to ask more funds for completion of the project. They could have avoided this adverse situation had they been diligent is estimating the viability of the work. The ultimate sufferer was the university who had to shell out extra money to ensure that work was being done within time. The university can claim monetary compensation for this loss but they also have to establish the eleme nts of misrepresentation before the court to prove the loss. Conclusion The instant case revolves around the act of misrepresentation which was done for negligent work product of the construction company. There was a belief instilled by the company into the university that the work could be completed within the stipulated time frame with the earlier budget. However they vitiated the contract by not completing their object within time. Reference Fletcher, K. and Fletcher, K. (2007).The law of partnership in Australia. Pyrmont, NSW: Lawbook Co. Gillies, P. and Selvadurai, N. (2009).Law of contract. Sydney: Federation Press. Monahan, G. and Carr-Gregg, S. (2007).Essential contract law. New York, NY: Routledge-Cavendish. Paterson, J. (2011).Unfair contract terms law in Australia. Pyrmont, N.S.W.: Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia. Willmott, L., Christensen, S. and Butler, D. (2005).Contract law. South Melbourne, Victoria, Australia: Oxford University Press.

Attention Users †Why Submit A Paper to FORP

Attention Users – Why Submit A Paper to FORP Free Online Research Papers As you have figured out by now FORP does not charge for complete access to all the great essays and papers that users have contributed. To charge people would be a backwards step in regards to our feelings about how information should be distributed. Other sites require that users MUST contribute work in order to have access. We are not that excited about this idea either, however, because contributions are so low that we may be forced to try new things. I should take this time to thank the members who have contributed to make FORP what it now is but in order to continue to grow we are needing support from new people. So contribute some papers to help make FORP better if you have not yet done so. Dont be lazy!! For questions about how to post please drop us feedback and we will get back with you as soon as possible. Thanks! Admin Research Papers on Attention Users - Why Submit A Paper to FORPThe Project Managment Office SystemQuebec and CanadaDefinition of Export QuotasStandardized TestingLifes What IfsThe Hockey GameAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2The Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseHip-Hop is ArtGenetic Engineering

Three Peeves in One Newspaper Article

Three Peeves in One Newspaper Article Three Peeves in One Newspaper Article Three Peeves in One Newspaper Article By Maeve Maddox Im one of the diminishing breed that wakes to a rolled newspaper at my front door. Sadly, I often find food for DWT posts when I open it. This morning not one, but three pet peeves leapt to my eye, all from the same story. I wont use real names. The article is about the sentencing of a man, Smith, who was an accessory to the murder of a teenager, Jones. Another man, Green, was tried separately. Green, the triggerman, has already been tried and sentenced†¦ The choice of the word triggerman bothers me because it is one of those words that has its place in fiction, but doesnt belong in a straight news story. Its use has the effect of glamorizing a punk who killed a 17 year old for $30 and a hat. It belongs to a category of dime novel words that strike me as being out of place in general reporting, detective yarn words like heist, bust, and swag. The two [Smith and the triggerman] were suppose to give Jones a ride to his home. They were supposed to give Jones a ride. Two females went along also†¦ The use female as a noun outside a medical or natural history context always bothers me. Ive written about these particular peeves elsewhere on the DWT site: Inappropriate word choice to report on crime Use of -ed verb forms Non-technical use of female as a noun Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Possessive of Proper Names Ending in SDoes "Mr" Take a Period?Honorary vs. Honourary

Reagan Revolution Through President Obama Research Paper

Reagan Revolution Through President Obama - Research Paper Example The security threats within and outside the State were very much demanding the unanimous outbreak of the straightforward policies of the government but the political failure to take all parties on board also worsened the situations. Similarly one of the most important historical events was the cold war. The cold war ignited the hate culture between the Americans and the Russians and there was always a fight to stop the Russians to reach the hot water sea ports of South East Asia to minimize the chance of growth and put the fence to the stance of terror and hatred towards the American state. These importunate historical events shook the American policy making strategies andaffected the people on the overall grounds. The events continue to affect the people in some form or the other (Kettle, 2011). Changes in social, cultural and technologicalaspects can cause extensive changes Inthe attitude of the people because of the fact that the nirvana of intuitiveness of the technological progr essions of the modern world candrive the whole society in way that can change the pivotal aspects of the society for example the advent of the television technology has really changed the way of perception of the masses and now there is nothing in the sense of activity in the political corridors and important aspects that is hidden from the people. The elevation of social media around the world has also changed the attitudes of people. People can become more interactive and critical towards the general regimes around the world because everything is subject for open discussion in the social media and there is nothing that can be perceived in the wrong context. The changes and advancements in technology can drive the whole society in a specific way. The policies of government in the United States have effected largely on the social and historical aspects of people because of the fact that the government policy can embark huge effects on the vicinity of the people. For example the deci sion to take part in the cold war and support the Afghans back in eighties has changed the pivotal aspects of thoughts of people now. Most of the people are of the view that supporting the people of Afghanistan back in eighties was a wrong decision which has affected every single individual of the United States in some form or the other. Similarly, the policy to fund the technology park and boost up the technology advancement in the country has supported the people’s lives, created more jobs and elevated the progress of the individuals in all the contexts. The economic policies in the times of crunches have also affected the local living standards (Tradshad,, 2013). Being the â€Å"super power† has raised many questions at the legitimacy of American State affairs because of the fact that American has been at the threat of violence and internal conflicts after the furious 9/11 attacks that took 3,000 lives of the Americans and injured numerous. The effective winning of the Cold war back in nineties and the throttling effect of the incidents after that people have given the Americans a sense of responsibility to elevate the proper manifestation of the responsibilities of the Super power entity. The lives of the common man have not beeffected by turning of the American state into super power because there are augmented threats of terror

How to Teach English as a Second Language (ESL) Students to Read and Research Paper

How to Teach English as a Second Language (ESL) Students to Read and Reading Comprehension - Research Paper Example Effective instruction needs to include the development of thinking skills as well as the teaching of learning strategies that will help them do so. The Role of the Ll in Instruction One way in which to encourage students to have confidence in their abilities is to promote the use of the L1 in the L2 reading program. This enables the learners to access and apply any existing L1 knowledge to the L2. From a socio-linguistic viewpoint, this meets the criteria for the Ll- L2 transfer continuum and constitutes positive rather than being what was referred to in the past as negative interference of the Ll (Chamot, 2004; Chamot, 2005; Shanahan & Beck, 2006). Direct Instruction of Basic Decoding Strategies In addition to incorporating the Ll in the reading tutoring program as a way to facilitate positive transfer and provide student participants with a means for accessing and sharing background knowledge and personal experience, teacher should also place an emphasis on the direct instruction o f basic decoding strategies. In discussing the relationship between bottom-up strategies and reading ability, Stanovich (1980) and Grabe (1988) argue that reading is more dependent on the speed with which a reader can recognize words and construct a representation using bottom-up skills than on the ability to use top-down skills to make predictions about the text. Grabe (1988) concurs with Stanovich's (1980) position when he states, "There is a need for a massive receptive vocabulary that is rapidly, accurately, and automatically accessed - a fact that may be the greatest single impediment to fluent reading by ESL students" (p. 63). According to Chall, Jacobs, and Baldwin (1990), there are a number of effective methods for teaching vocabulary, including those methods that emphasize direct instruction as well as those that rely on the acquisition of vocabulary through wide reading of increasingly difficult texts. An example of this latter methodology is the whole language approach, w hich proposes that basal readers and the teaching of skills be abandoned in favor of real literature and a combination of reading and writing (Chall, Jacobs, & Baldwin, 1990). While Chall, Jacobs and Baldwin (1990) found this strategy to be effective with certain groups of readers, they also noted that there is still a need to focus on basic skills and to make use of a combination of reading textbooks (basal readers), workbooks, and wider reading in order to achieve optimal results in teaching reading. Brisk and Harrington (2000) also address the debate over the merits of skill-based and meaning-based approaches, and they point out that neither approach should be embraced to the exclusion of the other. Rather, "literacy uses need to make sense in order for students to acquire and develop them. In turn, students need skills to make use of literacy" (Brisk & Harrington, 2000, p. viii). Snow et al. (1998) further emphasize that "literacy programs should be designed to provide optimal s upport for cognitive, language, and social development, within this broad focus; however, ample attention should be paid to skills that are known to predict future reading achievement" (p. 9). Specifically, there is a need for inexperienced readers to concentrate on the connection between letters and

The Impacts Of Terrorism On Uk Tourism Tourism Essay

The Impacts Of Terrorism On Uk Tourism Tourism Essay Chapter 4: 4.1 Introduction: Terrorism is the biggest threat to UK economy and also documented to have biggest threat on tourism industry demand. This chapter focuses on the short term impacts on UK tourism and related industries demand after September 11 2001 terrorist attacks on New York and July 7 2005 terrorist attacks on London. The studies show that, these attacks caused big shock to tourists attitudes to travel toward UK destinations and also change the image profile of tourist destinations in UK, especially London. Moreover, this chapter will also find that some UK destinations (like London) experienced strong negative impacts on the attractiveness and image for short term than others. 4.2 Targeting the Tourists: Tourism industry represents a significant contribution to UK economy. The past decade terrorist attacks caused significantly decline in foreign exchange receipts, it also increase government costs and gain political advantages over UK government officials (Hall and O Sullivan 1996). These terrorist attacks have changed the tourists perception to travel UK and they preferred to go safer destinations to enjoy their holidays. According to Keenan Steve (2003), UK tourists receipts dropped by 12.9 % as the result of September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks (Table 1). The Maley J. (2006) report, after London bombing tourists frightened away from Capitals major tourist attractions. The National Gallery had 15.2%, Tate Modern, London Eye had 12% and London tower 9.7% fewer tourists than last year. As Hall and O Sullivan (1996) said, the tourism is a symbol of capitalism for an economy. Attacking the tourism industry means, attacking the government policies and in this way terrorists strengthenin g themselves against government by making the government look weak. Table 1: International Tourists Arrivals in UK after September 11 2001 MONTH / QUARTER UNITED KINGDOM % COUNT CHANGE JANUARY 255,140 5.2 FEBRUARY 307,587 -5.8 MARCH 370,319 0.4 1ST QUARTER 933,046 -0.5 APRIL 418,837 -11.9 MAY 359,168 -5.9 JUNE 354,505 -6.4 2ND QUARTER 1,132,510 -8.4 JULY 410,208 -4.1 AUGUST 415,076 0.6 SEPTEMBER 317,035 -31.1 3RD QUARTER 1,142,319 -12.1 OCTOBER 330,791 -26.3 NOVEMBER 275,931 -31.5 DECEMBER 282,661 -25.1 4TH QUARTER 889,383 -27.6 Year-To-Date Average 4,097,258 -12.9 Source: http://tinet.ita.doc.gov/view/m-2001-I-001/table_5.html Different scholars have defined and explain terrorists objectives in different ways and most scholars have agreed that terrorists gain their objectives by targeting people. Richter and Waugh (1986) said that, terrorists goals can be classified as revolutionary, sub-revolutionary or anti-government. For closer examination several other objectives emerge. Firstly, targeting tourists help terrorists groups to achieve their strategic aim and objectives by creating fear in people, destabilizing the economy and gaining the media attention. Targeting local and international tourists provide platform to terrorists with the advantage by gaining free international publicity and disrupting local tourism industry. Richter and Waugh also said that the terrorists can travel with other travellers and carry out big foreign currencies financial transactions without arousing suspicion. Over the past decade, the international tourism has become very popular. Terrorists have recognised the importance of tourism industry in economies. As a result, they had demonstrated by number of attacks on tourists. When international tourists involved in terrorist attacks, media coverage is guarantee and media keep these incidents alive for weeks and months. According to Weimann and Winn (1994), media coverage make terrorists hero and amplify their massages to enhance their moral legitimacy. By targeting tourists, terrorist groups main objectives are to secure the media attention. It is a modern tact for terrorists to keep themselves alive in local and international media news for weeks. When international tourists killed or kidnapped, the whole situation in instantaneously dramatized by local and international media, which can cause political conflict between establishment and terrorists. Terrorists achieve their objectives, when media increase its rating or circulation. The Second major objective of terrorists is to achieve their ideological objectives by targeting tourists, which can cause clashing cultures, values and socioeconomic levels. Terrorists target tourists for their symbolic values. The July 7 2005 London bombing was the prime example of terrorist attack on world famous tourist destination and cultural city. The bombing on public transport killed over 50 passengers including some foreigners. In this incident, terrorists targeted public transport to create uncertainty and cultural differences between different communities in UK. The major impact was on UK government foreign relation with foreigner tourists countries and accused (terrorists) countries. The foreigner tourists countries are demanding justices for their innocent civilian killing and UK government is demanding from accused countries to take strict measures to control terrorism. The conflict between different communities and countries resulting from clashing values and cultures was aptly demonstrated in past few years after terrorist attacks. The tourism literature demonstrates that, tourism can be medium of communication as well as the massage initiated by terrorists. Terrorists violence against tourism industry fuelling political, socioeconomic, religious and cost effective instrument used to deliver broader massage as opposition. In either case, the terrorists aim to target tourist is not coincidental and for terrorists, tourism industry is high profile, symbolism and free publicity which not to be left unexploited. 4.3 Levels of analysis: The economic impact of terrorism on UK tourism can be calculated from number of ways. There are direct costs to the industry and indirect costs to responding these events. The cost can be calculated in number of ways, for example, how much money would be lost in any productive work if we stand up in a line for an extra hour every time, we flew or travel for security checks etc. In past the economist experts have tried to calculate the economic impacts of terrorism on UK tourism for Years. They agreed that, the terrorist attacks have both short and long term impact on the tourism industry. The short term impacts are psychological factors (for example fear of flying, uncertainty), and long term impacts are decline economic performance, spending on war on terrorism (both cause unemployment and loss of earning) and long time to recover the tourism industry long term down cycle. 4.4 Effects of terrorism on UK tourism: There are number of studies that show economic impacts of terrorism on the tourism industry. The studies of IMF 2001, Hobjin 2002 and Navarro and Spencer 2001 concluded that the direct cost on tourism demand (output) seems relatively small and short term. Terrorist attacks do reduce the economic growth, although the estimated impacts are smaller than the cost of internal conflict. When September 11, 2001 and July 7, 2005 terrorist events happened, it effected UK tourism industry both directly and indirectly and disrupted the whole UK economic process. To make the impacts of their activities stronger, terrorist groups targeted airline industry, local transport system, tourism destinations, public areas and other businesses. But, travel and tourism industries were the prime and attractive target for terrorist groups in past decade. Because, these industries presence is everywhere and their aftermaths are deeper on society and on the economics. 4.5 Direct Effect of Terrorism on UK Tourism and Related Industries: The tourism industry generates huge economic benefits for the UK economy. The main economic benefits of tourism are foreign exchange earning reserve, employment, tax revenue and business development opportunities etc. According to the world tourism organization report, tourism is one of the top five export categories and source of foreign exchange earnings for many countries. For UK economy tourism is one of the biggest sources of foreign exchange earning. This foreign exchange can be used to import goods needed for other economic sectors. Tax revenue receipts by HMRC from tourism industry can be divided into direct and indirect receipts. Direct receipts are the taxes on income earned by workers and businesses. The indirect tax receipts are the duties levied (VAT) on goods and services purchased by tourists in UK. In past few years, UK tourism industry has been through a very difficult period. It failed to keep up with global arrivals growth, after September 11 2001 terrorist attacks, outbreak of foot and mouth disease in 2002 and July 7 2005 London bombing. The September 11 2001 terrorist attacks have biggest impact on UK international tourists arrival and airline industry (Graph 1). UK tourism industry is heavily dependent on air transport for tourists arrival. After September 11 2001 terrorist attacks people were hesitate to travel on aeroplanes, because the terrorist threatened to hijack the plans. These threats shocked the UK tourism industry. After 2001 terrorist attacks and 2002 foot and mouth disease shock wave, UK tourism industry started recovering its position. In 2004 UK tourism industry reached its peak and 27.7 million tourists arrived in UK during this year. They spend over  £13 billion in UK economy directly and indirectly. Further growth in tourism industry was forecasted fo r coming year, and in first six months of 2005 UK tourism industry boomed and hit the forecast target but July 7, 2005 bombing thwarted the tourism industry again. According to LCCL (2005) report, in first three weeks of July 7 terrorist attacks, UK tourism industry lost in excess of  £300 million. Graph 1: Impact on International Arrivals in UK Source: British Tourism Framework Review 4.5A Impact on Airline industry: Direct effects of terrorism have instantaneous effects on the tourism and related industries. Airline industry is one of those industries. Many travellers were fearful of travelling after September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, because terrorist threats to target airlines. These threats caused huge decline in air travel passengers, as a result number of European and US airlines cut back number of flights and some airlines carriers went completely out of business (Swiss Air, metro jet) for couple of days (Lennon and Leary 2007). Before September 11 2001 the airline industry was already under pressure of surplus capacity. According to Francis and Humphreys (2001), at the end of October 2001, BAA Plc (Owner of Londons main airports) reported that World trade centre attacks have broad impacts on UK air traffic. The worst effected route was Trans Atlantic traffic route. It was reported that almost one million passengers declined in October 2001 at Heathrow airport, of which more than half m illion were Trans Atlantic routes passengers. Because, the Heathrow airport is the world most important long haul international travel destination. While the short or local haul traffic demand was down by 11 percent compare to previous year. July 7, 2005 terrorist attacks were direct attacks on London Local bus and train networks. As a result the London underground train services were suspended for couple of days and transport companies lost millions of pounds. This loss was the direct damages and declined in the number of passengers travel toward London due to security reasons and fear of more terrorist attacks. The airline industry also had severe impacts of London bombing, because for the short time period many tourists and travellers cancelled their flights and holidays. 4.5B Increase in Security Cost to tourism related industries: The latest terrorist attacks on London caused new and tightened security measures at hotels, entertainment centres, bus and train stations, airports, sports stadiums and tourists destinations. Some of these security measures are deployment of more security personnel on airports, historical places and city centres, installation of better screening system on airports and other public areas to scan and examine travellers and their baggage, more random checks of passengers, installation of surveillance cameras to monitor suspicious people activities. All these security measures have caused big increase in cost to government departments and businesses; as a result they increase their products and services prices and all burdens goes to end user of the products and services, which may be tourists. 4.5C Impact on tourism related Jobs: Terrorism crises cost many jobs in UK and rest of the world. According to Travel trade Gazette (2002) report, The World Travel and Tourism Council estimated that over 10 million travel jobs were lost worldwide after to September 11 2001 terrorist attacks. In United Kingdom, just in October 2001 tourism revenue declined by 25 percent, as compare to the last year, as a result thousands jobs were lost in London (Travel trade Gazette 2002). According to Riley O. (2002), in just three months after September 11 incident, it was announced, that UK tourism industry total loss were over  £600 million in revenue. In first two months, over three thousand hotels and other related businesses workers lost their jobs in UK. July 7, 2005 was the direct attacks on London, as a result London tourism declined and thousands of people engaged in tourism and tourism related industries lost their jobs. In past couple of years UK tourism industry was generating over 10 billion pounds a year and provides e mployment more than half a million people in the London city of more than 7 million people, which represent 10 percent of population. 4.5D Impact on Hotel Industry: The UK tourism and hotel industries are growing side by side and UK hotel industry is highly depending on tourists. The hotel industry performance in Europe suffered badly after September 11 2001 terrorist attacks. The UK hotel industry was booming before September 11 2001 terrorist attacks, because hotels in London which relay on tourism industry and high end US business were most exposed. According to Travel Research International Ltd (2001) report, just in September 2001 over 25 percent London hotel industry revenue declined. Based on preliminary information available, the hotel occupancy rates for the rest of the year are forecast to be 65 to 75 percent, compared with 81 percent in 2000 (Graph 2). After September 11 2001 international hotel chain Hilton Group has reduced it capital expenditure budget from  £150 million to  £75 million in response to decline in entire hotels chain revenues. In first two months there was a 10.7 percent fall in Hilton hotels chain revenues. Many hotels in all UK cities suffered from lack of American business, five star hotels in London down by 32 percent and four stars hotel by 15 percent. The UK hotel industry had suffered badly after July 7 2005 terrorist attacks on London. Data from PKF Accountants and business advisers (2005) shows that, the London hotel occupancy down by 4.9% on the same month last year. Outside London regional hotel showed .7% fall in occupancy. According to Monaghan G. (2005), UK hotel and travel industry stocks including TUI, AG and Hilton Group Plc slumped by July 7 2005 London bombing, which hurt the citys tourism industry. The FTSE 350 shows that hotels and leisure index dropped by 5.8 percent; it was the biggest decline in Leisure and hotels index since September 11 2001 terrorist attacks. UK tourism industry had been recovering from three year slump in industry followed by September 2001 attacks and UK tour operators was receiving a boost from London win a bid to host the Olympics in 2012. Expert said due to tourism boom about 75 percent London hotel rooms were occupied between 2004 to June 2005. Soon after July 7 0005 terrorist attacks on London hotels occupancy declined down to 65 percent, as a result of decline in tourists (Graph 2). The share prices of Hilton group and Inter Continental Hotel Group Plc slumped to 7.2 and 6.4 percent respectively. Graph 2: Hotel Occupancy in UK after September 11 July 7 Attacks Source: PKF, Deloitte and TRI Consulting Press releases 4.5E Impact on Sports Tourism: During the week of terrorist attacks on London, all major sporting events in the London and other cities were cancelled and postponed for the future dates, because of security concerns. These included football matches, local cricket league matches etc. Thousands sport fans travel from abroad to attend sport events had cancelled their trips. The local sport fans from other UK cities had also cancelled their trips toward London to attend sports events. Each attendee spends an average of  £100 to  £150 for admission, food, accommodation, parking and miscellaneous items. After July 7 2005 terrorist attacks many sport tourists had cancelled their trips to attend events or changes their mind to travel to London. Many months later after attacks sport tourists were still hesitating to travel London attend sports events for safety and security reasons. 4.5F Impact on Travel toward the UK Destinations: September 11 terrorist attacks not only impact on US travel and tourism, UK was also curtailed. Many countries issued warning to travellers to avoid countries such as US and UK, because of more threats of terrorist attacks. As a result, Great Britain saw over 25% declines in tourism revenue in September and October 2001 as compared to the previous year. July 7 2005 London bombing also adds fuel to the fire. Several thousands tourists were cancelled their vacation plans and business trips to the UK and other Europeans countries. Many UK tourists also cancelled or postponed their holidays within the UK and many hesitate to travel toward London. As a result, hospitality industry in UK had lost millions of pounds in revenue. 4.5G Impact on Tourists Safety, Attitudes and Beliefs: Tourists always prefer their safety before they travel. Terrorist attacks on London city 2005 and New York 2001 had very strong affects on the UK tourism industry, because it was a big challenge to the tourists security beliefs. When tourists travel, they do not want to expose any hazards. The safety is the main concern for them. The terrorist attacks are the biggest threat to travellers and tourists personal safety, which reduce the travellers propensity to travel. The September 11 2001 attacks clearly demonstrate the tourism industry and Sonmez S. (1998) said that tourists substitute risky destinations with safer choices, demonstrate a delayed reaction to terrorism and exhibit cultural differences in their reactions to risk or threat. As a result many tourists had switched their holidays toward safer destinations in other countries. 4.5H Impact on Tourism and Travel Services Suppliers: The travel services suppliers are operating in very comparative market and at very thin margins are vulnerable to any decline in demand. Tour operators and travel agents in UK were already under growing pressure from direct sell methods between customers and service suppliers. The impact of September 11 2001 terrorist attacks had weakened the airline and related industries and July 7 2005 terrorist attacks on London had made matters worse. The difference is that, these suppliers have less rigidity than the airline and related industries; hence contractions in size and closures are likely to be permanent. The tour operators and travel agents in UK have been hit particularly hard by terrorist attacks. According to the Association of British Travel Agents report, after September 11 2001 terrorist attacks, the number of agents closing has increased, compared to the same period last year, because decline in air travel tourists demand. The UK tourism mainly depends on air travel and for survival many travel agents were cutting costs by shedding staff. Just Thomas Cook had announced 1500 job cut, which was representing 12% of its workforce. Many months after the terrorist attacks UK tour operators reported that, booking are not improving, tourists and holiday makers are hesitate to travel toward UK. Although holidays packages were being discounted and booking were offered at short notice. The UK tour operators were reported to reduce there capacity by 20 % for coming summer, although Association of British Travel Agents forecasted that booking will fall by only 5% in next summer. 4.5I Impact on Tourists Spending Pattern: The Tourism industry Emergency Response group reported, that the spending by overseas tourist in UK is likely to decline by 300 million as a result of July 7 2005 bombing. The decline in tourism spending generates negative impact on UK total spending and employment pattern. The direct impacts of July 7 2005 terrorist attacks were many tourists cancel or postponed their trips to UK because of their safety. The effects of cancellation and decisions not to travel cost UK tourism industry huge losses, which contributes 4 percent to UK GDP that represent $2.1 trillion. Just London accounts 50 percent of total UK tourism industry of foreign tourist revenue alone and provide gateway for tourist travelling to other UK cities. 4.6 Indirect Effect: 4.6A Change in tourists demand heterogeneously: While the indirect effects of terrorism on UK tourism industry include prominent decrease in tourism demand after terrorist attacks and many months after these terrorist attacks foreign tourists were still hesitating to travel toward UK destinations. Many tourists permanently switched to other world famous tourists destinations. The decline of tourists demand also compels UK authorities towards the new policies and their immediate implementation, with the aim to minimise long term impact on tourism demand. According to Loewenstein et al (2001) the indirect effect contains fall in tourists demand, which may interrupt or disconnect the industry demand. It is evident that UK tourism industry operates according to the demand of overseas and local tourists. The above discussed terrorist attacks are infecting a widespread of common fear of individuals which in results decline in tourism demand. 4.6B Change in Tourists Behaviour: According to Sunstein (2003) the asperity of those adverse cases detect to which level these events are painful and emotionally attach towards the memory of individuals. Janis and Feshbach (1953), fear is a specific mental state, it appear with the surety of non availability of security or when there are predictions of more incidents in future. More over it is obvious the tourists get some kind of impact from continuous state of fear from terrorism. Czinkota M. R. (2005) said that economic research also has roots in correlation among behaviour and emotion. The negative emotions like state of fear definitely affect tourists travelling behaviour. Leventhal (1970) narrates that excessive fear of terrorism is look out of control for tourism market. Sunstein (2003) said, the terrifying effects of terrorism, tourists over estimate its occurrence in certain ways. The behaviour of over re-acting about terrorist attacks fear traces people to make demand of extra improvement in remedies from a uthorities and government. This kind of tourists behaviour also had strong impacts on tourism industry. 4.6C Long Term unplanned expenses: The terrorism caused major decline in all UK economic sectors, which results the huge reduction in long term profits in all type of industries. Tourism sector is one those economic sectors which had direct and indirect impacts. The decline in tourists demand after terrorist attacks to travel toward UK destinations caused big reduction in long term profit of tourism and related industries. To bring back tourists and to recover its position, UK tour operators were offering special offers to tourists, like reduction in holiday packages, travelling packages, hotel packages etc. All these price cuts results tourism industry has to face un-planned expenses and reduction in revenue, which was the indirect impact on tourism sector. 4.6D Impact on Tourist Destinations Image: The UK tourism industry is very popular in overseas tourists, because there are number of places of interest throughout the Great Britain including museums, castles, stately homes, royal palaces, theme parks, Zoos, art galleries, gardens and many more historic places. The image importance of UK tourism industry can be viewed as it is sixth largest destination in the world (over 190 countries). This reputation and image took years to build but past decade terrorist attacks pointed many fingers toward it stability. The UK tourism had suffered largely due to derogatory history of terrorism in London and other main cities in past. The July 7 2005 terrorist attacks added fuel to the fire. For short time many overseas tourists cancelled their holidays due to more terrorist attacks fear, which had direct and indirect impact on image brand on UK tourism industry. After these terrorist attacks UK tourism industry image brand took months to recover in tourists mind. 4.6E Impacts of Government Regulations on Tourism: Czinkota et al (2004) said that there may be need of making of policies, laws, and regulations for public in reaction of these terrorist attacks. While determine to improve security conditions, these regulations cause delays in efficient tourism industry operations. According to Sustain (2003) these government regulations sometimes does not help really in growth of economy and tourism industry, also effect negatively. These new polices of checking tourists and their languages imposed on airports, sea ports and train stations cause more trouble to tourists, increase security cost, time wastage and also decrease the efficiency. 4.6F Impact of Foreign Polices on Tourism: The way foreign relations alter because terrorism is not predictable and it is mixed blessing in so far foreign policy concerned. Terrorism unites the nations as well as separates them. The nations unite on common agenda of tackling terrorism and break with forever due to it. The foreign relations of different countries are based on co-operation and mutual interest of governments. Terrorism causes misunderstanding and disruption between countries. Once confidence or relationship between countries is broken, it never revives or takes very long time to build the same and strong relation again. Both countries government could be right and wrong at the same time. The country accused of the terrorism sometimes may not be in a position to control the terrorism and on the other side target country cannot believe that accused country is taking strong action against terrorists or sometimes believe that accused country is sponsoring the terrorist to achieve their interest against target countr y. Terrorism has become major issue in the UK foreign relations, especially after July 7 2005 terrorist attacks. It also has changed the style and direction of UK foreign polices. Now it is the first and most important thing to consider before entering into any agreement of mutual benefits. UK government has introduced new and striker polices for many countries visitors and travellers due to week foreign relation of those countries. These polices have discouraged many tourists to travel toward UK because of strict visa rules, security checks and questions at airports etc. 4.7 Summary: Terrorism affects tourism activities deeply, this threat compel almost both local and international tourists, which cause decline in the revenue and profit of tourism and related industries. On the other side, the whole UK economy has to bear the cost of every single act of terrorism. It is the responsibility of UK government to develop and make polices to tackle the terrorist threats. The government is also liable for making such kind of policies and regulations that give some relaxation to overseas tourists to enjoy their travel and holidays in UK. This may help UK tourism industry to reduce its losses.